Unit 9:
Sports Medicine
Introduction
Sports medicine is that branch of medicine that
deals with physical fitness, treatment and prevention of injuries related to
sports and exercise. Sports medicine represents the efforts of medical science
and art theoretically and practically to analyze the influence of the movement,
training and sports as well as hyper or hypo kinesea i.e., on healthy, sick and
handicapped human beings of all age group. The findings are useful for
preventive, therapeutic and rehabilitative purposes. Sports medicine is, in
fact, the science of remaining healthy, of preventing premature strain on the
system, and of providing training which is designed to benefit the organ’s
functions and which will therefore contribute towards the longing life. Sports
medicine is the area which creates a positive environment, so an athlete
converts his all genetic potentialities into phenotypic realities.
Aims
of Sports Medicine
Main aims of sports medicine are as follows:
(1) To diagnose and detect the cause of injury
so that knee recovery from sports injury should be done.
(2) To promote preventive aspects in sports,
this reduces the injuries.
(3) To cure and treat sports injury i.e., fast
recovery of sports injury.
(4) To provide rehabilitation (medical and
health services) to sportspersons.
(5) To guide and counselling the injured
player, thus it promotes psychological behaviour.
Scope
of Sports Medicine
There are number of areas which provide wide
scope to sports medicine:
(1) Sports medicine helps the fitness
instructor to reduce injuries and promote health.
(2) It is very helpful for players as it
prevents them to manage injuries.
(3) Knowledge of sports medicine is helpful for
trainer as it guides him the correct exercise.
(4) Sport medicine: It guides the coach to
follow the correct and good training method to prevent and overcoming the
injuries of players.
(5) Sports medicine also suits to the fitness
instructor to reduce injuries and promote health.
Very
Short & Short Answer Type Questions (1 & 3 Marks)
Q1.
Define sports medicine.
Ans. Sports medicine is a branch
of healthcare. It deals with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of injuries
related to participation in sports and / or exercise.
Q2.
What are some aims of sports medicine?
Ans. 1. Making aware of the
injuries.
2. Concentrate on the cause of the injury.
3. Provision of medical help immediately
4. Injuries the player might suffer.
Q3.
what are acute injuries?
Ans. Acute Injuries are the
injuries that occur due to sudden trauma to the tissue. The symptoms of acute injuries
present themselves almost immediately. For example sprains, fracture etc.
Q4.
What is sprain?
Ans. A sprain is sudden
stretching of this ligaments of a joint and is associated with pain and usually
discoloration which appears early from hemorrhage into the tissues. The
ligaments sometimes become tense and get injured was the weak joints and bones.
Sprain may occur at joints like knee, ankle, elbow joints etc.
Q5.
What is contusion?
Ans. A direct hit or blow
anywhere on the body, causing bleeding from ruptured small capillaries below
the skin, without any breaking of skin is called contusion. In such cases, the
outer skin remains unbroken and there is slight bleeding into muscular tissues.
Contusion may take place in the sports like cricket, hockey, gymnastic and polo
etc.
Q6.
What is abrasion?
Ans. It is not a deep injury of
skin or mucous membranes due to scrapping or rubbing. The cause of this injury
may be due to fall on a hard rough surface. This type of injury may not be
serious but can be serious if some foreign material like small stone or a stick
gets struck in it. Abrasion takes place in sports like cricket, hockey,
athletics and combating zanies etc.
Q7.
What do you mean by RICER?
Ans. RICER is one of the standard
treatment procedures for sports injuries, It stands for Rest, lce, Compression,
Elevation and Referral.
Q7.
What is shoulder dislocation?
Ans. Shoulder dislocation is
caused by blow to shoulder often in contact sports such as karate, judo or
rugby. It may also be caused by forcing arm outwards and away from the body.
The shoulder is very painful at the time of dislocation, looks square and cannot
be moved outwards from the body. Nerves around shoulder can also be damaged in
rare cases.
Q8.
What is sprain? Write about the treatment of sprain.
Ans. A sprain is a sudden
stretching of the ligaments of a joint and is associated with pain and usually
discoloration, which appears early from hemorrhage into the tissues. The
ligaments sometimes become tense and get injured near the weak joints and
bones. Sprain may occur joints like knee, ankle, elbow joints etc. The sprain
may be classified into the following:
(a) Mild
Sprain: In
this type of sprain there is slight tearing of some of the ligament fibres and
there is no loss of function of joint.
(b) Moderate
Sprain: In
this type of sprain there is some rupture of ligaments and there is some loss
of function.
(c) Severe
Sprain: In
this type of sprain there is total rapture of ligament and they are also
separated from bone and total loss of any movement.
Long
Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)
Q1.
What are the aims and objectives of sports medicine?
Ans. 1.
Players
have no idea of what kind on injuries they might suffer while playing the game.
The physicians and trainers are experienced people. They know well what kind of
injuries the players may be subjected to different kinds of injuries occurred
in different kind of games.
They must make the athlete and sports persons
aware of it. They must also test the physical traits, psychology and equipment
of the individual athletes. The medical sports of the sports persons must be
handed over to them though the sports medical officer or physician.
2. It is to concentrate on the
causes of injury. There are always some reasons behind the injuries sportsmen
suffer. There reasons may be physical, psychological or medical. Sports persons
must be made aware of the kind of injuries they might suffer so that while
playing they may take necessary precautions. Injuries to sports persons may be
caused by lack of skill or technique in the player, insufficient warm up, lack
of physical skills, environmental and psychological factors.
3. If a player gets injured
during the games, the player or his trainer must inform the physician so that
adequate medical help may be provided immediately. Different methods and
equipment of treatment and rehabilitation such as hydrotherapy, infra-red rays,
thermal treatment electrotherapy, physiotherapy etc. must be readily available.
4. The player must be told in
advance what kind of injuries he might suffer. He should also be told necessary
precautions so that he may protect himself from physical injury during the play,
watch or practice Knowledge of protective measures will keep the players safe
and sound.
Q2.
What is scope of sports medicine?
Ans. Sports medicine has multiple
uses in the field of physical education and sports. On the basis of case
studies and researches conducted in sports medicine several problems of sports
persons and athletes are solved. It is well high impossible to raise the level
of an athlete’s performance to a very high level without profound knowledge of
sports medicine. This is why several theoretical as well as practical aspects
of sports medicine have been included in the post graduate curriculum.
Facilities, equipment and laboratories of sports medicine exist in the national
institute of sports, Patiala and Laxmi Bai Institute of Physical Education,
Gwalior. There facilities are being extended by and by to different
universities so that true evaluation of an athlete’s body and equipment and
potential may be done and proper care and guidance may be provided for his
maximum development.
Following
are the various areas of sports medicine:
1. Human anatomy and physiology
2. Athlete nutrition.
3. Sports and First Aid
4. Prevention of accidents in sports.
5. Sports injury Rehabilitation
6. New methods of detecting doping
7. Fitness of games and sports.
8. Methods of prediction of sports talent
9. Female and sports
10. Sports and society.
Q3.
What is bone dislocation? Write the treatment of bone dislocation.
Ans. 1. Shoulder dislocation:
Shoulder dislocation is caused by blow to shoulder often in contact sports such
as karate, judo or rugby. It may also be caused by forcing arm outwards and
away from the body. The shoulder is very painful at the time of dislocation
looks square and cannot be moved outwards from the body. Nerves around shoulder
can also be damaged in rare cases.
2. Shoulder
separation:
Shoulder separation or acromio clanicular joint separation is one thing. It is
caused by direct blow to shoulder such as falling onto shoulder from judo,
kabbadi, boxing etc. These is a lot of pain and swelling at the end of
collarbone. End of collarbone may be swollen and end of bone may be seen out of
position.
3. Radio
humeral Joint Injury:
Radio humeral joint injury is caused due to damage either to the ligaments
around the outside of the joint or the shiny surface of the joint itself. There
is pain felt over the outer side of the joint over the bony knob as in tennis
elbow. It hurts to fully twist the lower arm, fully bend or straighten it. It
is usually caused by twisting the arm downwards such as, during a forearm
tennis or badminton shot. It is also caused by throw round-arm.
4. Finger
dislocation:
Finger is usually dislocated by a blow to the front of the finger, e.g.
catching a cricket ball or baseball. The finger immediately looks deformed
because the bones at one of the joints are dislocated. The joint is very
painful initially.
5. Knee
Cap Dislocation:
Dislocated knee cap is caused either by twist on almost straight knee or by
blow to knee, e.g. a kick. Knee cap is suddenly dislocated sideways common in
‘double jointed’ girls.
Q4.
What is fracture? What are the type of fracture?
Ans. Bone injuries are usually
caused by a direct blow to the bone either in a fall or a kick or a similar
injury. There are many bones in our body. They all are attached to one or the
other to make the skeletal. Each and every bone is important to our body. Each
bone has its own movements and function. Some bones are smaller but some are
big. Bones may be injured in one way or the other. Some of the bone injuries of
the body are discussed here.
1. Fracture
of a collarbone:
Fractured collarbone is caused by direct blow to the collarbone or by blow to
the shoulder by some external body. There are some sports where chances of bone
injuries are more, i.e., rugby, karate, judo or motorcycling. There is a lot of
pain felt over the bone itself and the ends of the bone may be clearly visible
under the skin.
2. Fracture
of a radius bone: When
radius bone is fractured, it breaks one of the bones in the forearm which makes
up part of the wrist joint. This is sometimes also called colles fracture. It
usually occurs in a fall on overstretched wrist e.g. skating on road or ice
skating. It is common in almost all sports. After a few hours of injury one
feels pain on all movements of the wrist with swelling and bruising.
3. Scaphoid
Fracture:
Scaphoid fracture is a very similar mechanism of injury to radius fracture
caused by a fall on outstretched hand. There is pain in “snuff box” depression
on outer side of wrist. There may be swelling although not always. Pushing of
wrist backwards is especially painful. It hurts when it moves.
Q5.
What is the impact of surface on the athlete/players?
Ans. The surfaces on which
athletes run or play a large role in determining how well they perform and how
likely they are to get injured. To understand why this is so, it’s important to
realise that running is essentially a series of collisions between your body
and the ground. There are different kinds of surfaces on which we play sports,
e.g. natural grass, wooden flooring, synthetic surface for sport and
recreational usage. One of the important aspects of sport surfaces is to
improve athletic performance it has been suffered that the main feature of a
sport surface that can affect the athletic performance is to store and return
energy have argued that if some of the energy that an athlete requires far each
step. Slide jump, landing etc. can be reused, through energy returns from the
surface. In other words, one can achieve a given physical activity by using
less energy and, there continue or activity during a longer period. The most
important characteristic of a sport surface which may be related to performance
is to give the maximum output by using less energy. Playing surfaces also play
an important role to avoid sports injuries as when the friction is optimum and
the hardness of the surface is according to the game the chances to get injured
is much less. Playing surface also increase the life of ankles and knees by
providing proper shock absorber between the body and surface of playing.
Q6.
Discuss five techniques used to avoid sports injuries.
Ans. One of the important
objectives of sports medicine is preventing injuries. It also prevents other physical,
mental, social and financial harm accompanying sports injuries. General
techniques that can prevent sports injuries are:
(a) A well-structured warm-up and cool-down is
necessary to increase blood and nutrient flow and concentration. Also it helps
in relaxation, improved flexibility and recovery of muscles. Planning a Session
Careful planning of training and rehabilitation sessions allows gradual specific
adaptations. It reduces the damage to the tissues as a result of training.
(b) The use of protective equipment like proper
footwear, helmets, goggles, gum shield, shin pads and gloves prevents many
sports injuries.
(c) Some form of mental skills training and
practice could reduce injuries by reducing anxiety and improving concentration.
(d) All performers are aware of and adhere to
the rules and laws of the particular sport, than injuries can be reduced to
great extent.
Q7.
Distinguish between natural surface and artificial surface in sports and how
they impact the performance of athletes.
Ans. There are two types of
surfaces used in any indoor or outdoor games. These are natural and artificial surfaces.
Natural surfaces are the surfaces that are prepared through proper combination
of natural elements like soil and grass. On the other hand, artificial surfaces
are more like carpets which are made from artificial components like rubber,
synthetic fiber etc.
These surfaces impact performance of athletes
differently. In many contact games like football, cricket, running and Kabaddi
natural surfaces are preferred because they provide more familiarity, grip and avoid
severe injuries. On the other hand, artificial surfaces provide more
opportunities for practice because their use need not be stopped for
maintenance. Also, with innovation in technology, artificial surfaces are
becoming more user friendly. Risks of injuries are reducing in artificial
surfaces also nowadays.
Q8.
What are the causes of sports injuries?
Ans. To effectively diagnose,
rehabilitate and ultimately prevent subsequent injuries, a sport therapist
(a)
Anatomical Factors:
These are related to make up of the body. Leg length differences cause injuries
to ankle, hip and back.
(b)
Age related causes: As
the body ages, it changes. It is less able to produce force, recovers slower
and soft tissues lose the ability to stretch. Therefore it is more prone to
injury.
(c)
Training related causes: Excessive repetitive loading of the tissues is needed for
successive adaptation. However without suitable recovery, tissues never have
the chance to adapt and can fail.
(d)
Equipment selection factors: These are related to the suitability of
equipment. An instance is incorrect footwear, which will not protect the foot
and ankle adequately. It also will not distribute forces effectively. Thus it
increases the risk of injury.
(e)
Impact and contact causes: Impact or contact can be with objects, surfaces or other
people. These injuries are common in contact sports like football, rugby,
hockey etc. Also they are common in more dangerous sports like motor racing,
boxing and skiing.