Unit 7 - Test
and Measurement in Sports
Introduction
In physical education, tests and measurements
are the instruments for getting necessary details of sportspersons such as
their needs, capacities, abilities and attitudes. It is very important particularly
for the sportspersons to set the objectives which they want to fulfill in
physical education and sports programme. It is also important to determine
whether or not the objectives have been achieved. In physical education tests
are used to collect information or data about a specific skill, strength,
endurance, knowledge, behaviour or attitude etc. where measurements are related
to physical measurements, such as size, height, weight, vital capacity and
achievements etc.
Very
Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)
Q1.
What do you mean by muscular strength?
Ans. Muscular strength is one of
the important component of physical fitness. It is the amount of force the
muscle or a group of muscle can exert against resistance for short duration as
in anaerobic activities. Muscular strength is essential for performing daily
routine work easily and smoothly.
Q2.
What do you mean by flexibility?
Ans. Flexibility is the range of
movements of joints. In other words, it means the range of motion available in
a joint. It is affected by muscle length, joint structure, tendons, ligaments
and other factors. An individual, who has good flexibility can move his body
joints through a full range of motion in mark and play.
Q3.
What is Kraus-Weber test?
Ans. This tests consists of six
items. It is commonly known as the Kraus-Weber tests. These tests are supposed
to measure the minimum muscular fitness of an individual. In fact, they measure
the level of strength and flexibility of certain key muscle groups below which
the functioning of the whole body as a healthy individual seems to be
endangered.
Q4.
What is Rockport one mile test?
Ans. Rockport one mile test is
also known as Rockport fitness walking test. This test is suitable for
sedentary individual. The objective of this test is to check or observe the development
of the individual’s V02 max. i.e., maximum volume of oxygen.
Q5.
What do you mean by motor fitness?
Ans. Motor fitness refers to the
capability of an athlete to perform effectively at his/her particular sport. In
can be said that motor fitness is a person’s ability to perform physical
activities.
Q6.
What do you mean by cardiovascular fitness?
Ans. Cardiovascular fitness is the
ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working
muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy
for movements.
Q7.
What do you mean by Harvard Step Test?
Ans. Harvard Step Test is a
cardiovascular fitness test. It is also called aerobic fitness test. It was
developed by Brouha and others in 1943. It is used to measure the
cardiovascular fitness or aerobic fitness by checking the recovery rate.
Q8.
What do you mean by Senior Citizen Fitness Test?
Ans. This test is also known as
fullerton functional test of senior citizens. It helps the early identification
of at risk participants. Along this, it is significant to plan safe and
effective physical exercise programmes for senior citizens because individual’s
health and fitness level can be known better with the help of this test.
Short
Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)
Q1.
What do you mean by test and measurement?
Ans. Tests and measurement in
physical education are the instruments or devices for getting essential details
regarding the needs, capacities, abilities and attitudes of students or
sportspersons.
Tests are used to collect information or data
about a specific skill, strength, endurance, knowledge, behaviour or attitude
etc.
Measurements are related to physical
measurements such as size, height, weight, vital capacity and achievements etc.
Indeed, measurement refers to the process of administrating a test to obtain a
quantitative data.
Q2.
Give the names of the tests design by Riklar and Jones for senior citizen
fitness and state what each test is used to test.
Ans. The tests designed by Riklar
and Jones for senior citizen fitness are:
(ì) Chair stand test for lower body strength.
(ii) Arm curl test for upper body strength and
endurance.
(iii) Chair sit and reach test for lower body
flexibility.
(iv) Back scratch test for upper body
flexibility.
(V) Eight foot up and go test for coordination
and agility.
(vi) Six minute walk test for aerobic fitness
and endurance.
Q3.
Describe the purpose and procedure of six minute walk test for aerobic
endurance.
Ans. This test measures aerobic
fitness and endurance of senior citizens. In this test the walking course is
laid out in a 50 yard (45. 72 mtr.) rectangular area (dimension 45 × 5 yards)
with cones placed at regular intervals to indicate distance walked. The aim of
this test is to walk as quickly as possible for six minutes to cover as much
ground as possible. Subjects are to set their own pace if they desire.
Q4.
Discuss any two tests of Kraus-Weber tests.
Ans. 1. Test No. 1: The subject
lies down in supine position i.e., flat on his back and hands behind his neck.
The examiner holds his feet to keep him on the ground. The subject is asked to
perform one sit-up. If he performs one sit-up, he passes this test. If he
cannot raise his shoulders from the table or ground, his score remains zero.
2. Test No. 2: The lying position for this test
remains same i.e. in supine position except that his knees are bent and ankles
remain in touch with his buttocks. He is asked to perform one sit-up. If he is
able to perform full sit-up, he passes this test. If he is unable to raise his
shoulders from the tables or ground, he gets zero.
Q5.
What parts of the body do each of the Kraus Weber tests of fitness test?
Ans. The Kraus Weber test
consists of following six tests:
Test 1 tests the strength of the abdominal and
psoas muscles.
Test 2 tests the strength of the abdominal muscles.
Test 3 tests the strength of the psoas muscles.
Test 4 tests the strength of the upper back.
Test 5 tests the strength of the lower back.
Test 6 tests the strength of the back and
hamstring muscles.
Q6.
Briefly explain about muscular strength.
Ans. Muscular strength is one of
the important components of physical fitness. It is the amount of force the
muscle or a group of muscular strength is essential for performing daily
routine work easily and smoothly, such as lifting weight and climbing on stairs
etc.
It is also essential for maintaining good
posture, avoiding injuries and remaining independent specially in old age. It
can be measured with the help of Kraus - Weber Test.
Q7.
Briefly explain about skinfold measurements.
Ans. In this test calipers skin
is used to measure the thickness of fat from various parts of the body. After
measuring the thickness of different parts of body, the measurements are put an
equation (different equation for girls and boys) to calculate the body density.
After calculating body density, it is put in another equation to calculate the
body fat percentage. All the measurements must be done on the right side of the
body and must be noted in millimetres.
Q8.
Discuss cardiovascular fitness in brief.
Ans. Before proceeding to various
tests of cardiovascular fitness it will be essential for us to know the
clear-cut meaning of cardiovascular fitness. In fact, cardiovascular fitness is
the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working
muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy
for movements. This type of fitness is required to sustain physical activity or
it can be said that cardiovascular fitness is essential for us to perform
aerobic activities. There are following tests to measure the cardiovascular
fitness.
Q9.
What is the usefulness of back scratch test for senior citizens?
Ans. The usefulness of the back
scratch test for senior citizens is to assess the upper body flexibility, particularly
the shoulder. This is important in performing various items of daily routine
like combing one's hair, putting on garments requiring to be worn from over the
head, reaching for a seat belt etc.
Long
Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)
Q1.
What do you mean by AAPHER Fitness Test? Explain administration of any these
items of this test.
Ans. In the beginning, its name
was AAPHER i.e., American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and
Recreation but now it is known as AAPHERD i.e., American Alliance for Health,
Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. It is one of the oldest professional
organizations in the U.S.A. Its motor fitness tests have been the major
instruments for measuring motor fitness in American School children for over 50
years. Administration of AAPHERD Youth Fitness Test
1. Flexed-leg
Sit-ups: The
student lies on back with legs in flexed position i.e. in bent knee position.
His/her hands should be behind the neck. Elbows must touch the knees while
performing sit-ups. The total number of repetitions of sit-ups is noted is on
minute only.
2. Standing
Long Jump: A
take-off line is marked on the ground. Subject stands just behind the take-off
line with the feet several inches apart. The subject swings the arms and bend
the knees to take a jump in the long jump pit. Three trials are given to the
subject. The distance is measured from the take-off line to the heat or other
part of body that touches the ground nearest to the take-off line.
3. 50-yard
Dash: The
subject takes the starting position behind the starting line. The starter
commands, “Are you ready?” and “Go”. The word ‘Go’ is accompanied by a downward
sweep of the starter’s arm as a signal to the timer. Two subjects can run at
the same time if there are two stop watches. The score is recorded in seconds
to the nearest 10th of a second.
Q2. Explain
the three tests of Kraus-Weber Test.
Ans.
1. Test No. 1: The
subject lies down in supine position i.e., flat on his back and hands behind
his neck. The examiner holds his feet to keep him on the ground. The subject is
asked to perform one sit-up. If he performs one sit-up, he passes this test. If
he cannot raise his shoulders from the table or ground, his score remains zero.
2. Test
No. 2: The
lying position for this test remains same i.e., in supine position except that
his knees are bent and ankles remain in touch with his buttocks. He is asked to
perform one sit-up. If he is able to perform full sit-up, he passes this test.
If he is unable to raise his shoulders from the table or ground, he gets zero.
3. Test
No. 3: The subject’s
position remains the same but the examiner holds his chest down. The subject is
asked to raise his feet. His knees should be straight. The examiner counts to
10 seconds. Scoring from 0-10 depends on the number of seconds he holds the
position.
Q3.
Explain the Rockport one mile Test.
Ans. Rockport one mile test is
also known as Rockport fitness walking test. This test is suitable for
sedentary individual. The objective of this test is to check or observe the
development of the individual’s V02 max i.e., maximum volume of 02.
Equipments
Required: 400
m track, stopwatch, and weighting scale. Administration of Test: While
conducting or administering this test, it should be a windless day. First of
all, take the body weight of the individual on a perfect weighing machine. The
weight should be taken with minimum clothes on body of the individual. Then
work the starting point on a 400 m track. The individual has to run the
distance of one mile i.e., 1609 metres in minimum time. So, record the time of
one mile with a stopwatch. Immediately after the finishing of the one mile
work/run, record the heart rate with manual method or monitor method. The
monitor on ECG/EEG can be used to get a more accurate heart rate.
Q4.
Explain in brief the Harvard Step Test.
Ans. Harvard Step Test is a
cardiovascular fitness test. It is also called aerobic fitness test. It was
developed by Brouhav and others in 1943. It is used to measure the
cardiovascular fitness or aerobic fitness by checking the recovery rate.
Equipment
Required: A
gym bench of 20 inches high for men and 16 inches for women, a stopwatch and
cadence tape.
Procedure: The athlete stands in front
of the bench of box. On the command ‘Go’ the athlete steps up and down on the
bench or box at a rate of 30 steps per minute (one second up one second down)
for 5 minutes (150 steps). Stopwatch is also started simultaneously at the
start of the stepping.
Q5.
Discuss the Back Scratch Test for upper body flexibility.
Ans.
Purpose: To
assess the upper body (shoulder) flexibility, which is important in performing
various jobs such as combing one’s hair, putting on overhead garments and
reaching for a seat belt etc.
Equipment
Required: A
Ruler.
Procedure: This Test is performed in standing
position. Keep one hand behind the head and back over the shoulder and reach as
for as possible down middle of your back. Your palm should touch your body and
the fingers should be downwards. Then carry your other arm behind your back
palm facing outward and fingers upward and reach up as far as possible trying
to touch or overlap the middle fingers of both hands. Fingers should be
aligned. Measure the distance between the tips of the fingers.
Q6.
Explain Sit and Reach Test in brief.
Ans.
Purpose: To
assess the lower body flexibility, which is important for good posture, for
normal gait patterns and for various mobility tasks such as getting in and out
of both tub and car.
Equipments
required:
Ruler, a chair with straight back approximately 44 cm high.
Procedure: The participant sits on the
edge of the chair (kept against a wall for safety purpose). One foot remains
flat on the floor while the other leg should be extended remain forward with the
knee straight. Heel should be on the floor and ankle should be bent at 90°.
Place one hand on the top of the other with tips of the middle fingers even.
Instruct the participant to inhale and then as he exhales, reach forward
towards the foes by bending at the hip. His back should be straight and head
up.
Q7.
Explain the Ann Curl Test for upper body strength for senior citizens.
Ans. The Arm Curl Test is a test
of upper body strength. The purpose of this test is to measure upper body
strength and endurance. The subject has to do as many arms curls as possible in
30 sec. This test is conducted on the dominant arm side (or stronger side), the
procedure is:
(a) The subject sits on the chair holding the
weight (8 pounds for men / 5 pounds for women) in the hand using a suitcase
grip (palm facing towards the body) with the arm in a vertically down position
beside the chair.
(b) The upper arm is placed against the body so
that only the lower arm is moving (the tester may assist to hold the upper arm
steady).
(c) The subject curls the arm up through a full
range of motion, gradually turning the palm up (flexion with supination).
(d) Then the arm is lowered through the full
range of motion, gradually return to the starting position. The arm must be
fully bent and then fully straightened at the elbow.
(e) Repeat this action as many times as
possible within 30 sec.
(f) Score is the total number of controlled arm
curls performed in 30 sec.
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