Unit 2 - Adventure
Sports and Leadership Training
Introduction
Adventure sports are usually outdoor sports
which involve intense and sometimes life-threatening actions which create an
adventurous atmosphere. The individuals who are involved with adventure sports,
compete against nature rather than against another individual. Adventure sports
are those sports which are related to unlimited thrill, excitement,
entertainment and adventure. Individuals take part in such sports for passion,
entertainment and due to a strong urge for thrill and adventure. By taking part
in adventure sports one can learn about himself, conquer the fears and gather a
sense of achievement or success.
Objectives
of adventure sports activity
Adventure sports are outdoor activities which
give individuals a chance to experience nature very closely. The individuals
come closer to nature. They have bonding with the nature and the surrounding
environment which provides exposure to natural environment.
Outdoor presents the best arena for the
individual to assess his own capabilities and limitations by participating in
the outdoor activities.
Another objective of adventure sports is to
encourage creativity in individuals. Adventure sports encourage creativity in
the innovation of new maneuverers and in the different ways of execution of
existing techniques.
Another important objective of adventure sports
is to develop concentration in the participants. An individual gets a series of
absorbing exercise by participating in adventure sports.
Adventure sports inculcate the spirit of
adventure and educate them about the evils of deforestation and quarrying. They
imbibe the attitude of give and take and encourage learning through
observation.
Natural
resources
Natural resources are materials and components
that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of
natural resources. Natural resources can be classified into two categories:
(1) Renewable resources
(2) Non-renewable resources
(1)
Renewable resources: Natural resources are those sources which may be obtained
continuously year after year for the satisfaction of human needs, such as land,
water and plants. These resources do not exhaust. They have the capacity to
regenerate themselves. Water agriculture, fish and trees are some examples of
replenishable resources.
(2)
Non-Renewable resources: These resources are those which once mined and
used cannot be regenerated. As for example, coal and natural oil are such
non-replenishable because once they are mined and used, they cannot be renewed.
In fact, all mineral resources are limited in quantity which can neither be
increased nor renewed. Coal, mineral oil, iron-ore are non-replenishable
resources.
Reusable
resources
They are those resources which can be used over
and over again. Solar and tidal energy, wind and water are some reusable
resources because they can be used over and over again.
Non-reusable
resources
Resources which once used cannot be used again
are called non-reusable resources. Mineral oil, gas, coal are some non-reusable
resources because after using them once we cannot use them again.
Need
of Conserving Our Resources
There is no doubt that land, water, plants etc.
are renewable resources and can therefore be used over and over again for the
satisfaction of human needs. But there is limit to everything. If they are used
unwisely and limitlessly there can be a lot of problems. Not only it will lead
to their depletion but also the natural equilibrium will be disturbed. The
great demand of land for construction of houses and industries may toll heavy
on the valuable cultivated land or may lead to deforestation. But such a thing
would lead to a food shortage. Deforestation or indiscriminate cutting of trees
leads to floods, soil erosion, and sitting up of the river channels.
How
we can conserve our Resources?
The different ways of conserving our resources
are as follows:
(a) The non-renewable resources like different
minerals require a special attention. Wastage during mining and processing
should be reduced to the minimum.
(b) Where possible, alternative products such
as wood and plastic should be used.
(c) Scrap should be recycled so as to prolong
the life of our limited metallic mineral resources. For example, iron scrap
should be processed into steel.
(d) Watery and marshy lands should be reclaimed
and the available land should be put to optimum use.
(e) Rivers may be linked to each other and if
desired their directions be changed so that not a drop of water goes waste into
the sea. The waste water from the factories be recycled to be used over and
over again.
Use
of Natural Resources
There are various natural resources such as
water, coal, fossil fuel, natural gas, forest, air etc. which are being used
persistently by human beings. It is our great responsibility to use these
natural resources in appropriate way. We must use them wisely. The main problem
before us is the fast depletion of natural resources such as forest, natural
gas, wildlife, oil, petrol, etc. The major reasons for this depletion are the
improper and excessive use and fast rate of growth of population. Many natural
resources can be identified which are not used properly by human beings.
Some
of these natural resources are mentioned below:
Water: Water is the most important
natural resource which should be used properly. If we see wastage of water
everywhere which can be avoided simply by providing training to educate people?
They should use minimum water for daily needs such as cleaning utensils.
Cleanliness, flushing in toilet, irrigating the garden plants, in irrigating
the fields and in industries etc.
Forests: Forests are not used
properly because there is uncontrolled felling of forests. In fact there is
deforestation at large scale. There are various causes of deforestation such as
forest fires, expansion of agriculture land, commercial plantation,
over-grazing, dam projects, mining, firewood, commercial purposes, adventure
sports and tourism etc.
Natural
Gas:
There are several households which use natural gas for heating water in their
homes. For heating water, solar water heater can be used. Hydro-power can be
used for heating water. In such a way, the use of natural gas can be minimized.
Fossil
Fuels: On
earth there is limited amount of fossil fuels hence, if it is not used properly
it can get over. The coming generations will have to face a number of problems.
So for proper use of fossil fuels some renewable sources such as solar energy,
gas, and water energy may be used for cars and other vehicles.
Conservation
of Environment
Conservation of environment simply implies the
sustainable use as well as the management of natural resources. It does not
mean that use of natural resources should be stopped. In fact, the aim of
conservation of environment is the balanced and appropriate use of natural
resources so that neither the environment is affected nor the coming
generations are deprived of them. Conservation of natural resources usually
focuses on the needs and interest of human beings, such as, the biological,
economic, cultural and recreational values.
Suggestions
for Conservation of Environment
Conservation
of Forests
(1) More and more trees should be planted.
(2) Avoid overgrazing of grass lands by
animals.
(3) Paper comes from trees. Thus, make attempts
to use recycled paper. Do not waste paper.
(4) Instead of buying wood furniture, plastic
and aluminium chairs or almirahs can be bought.
Conservation
of Energy
(1) Switch off bulbs, tube-lights, fans and
other electric appliances when not in use.
(2) Other sources of energy, like solar energy,
wind energy, etc. can also be used.
(3) Solar cookers, solar water heaters etc. can
be used instead of LPG, coal or kerosene.
(4) Car-pooling is an excellent way to save
fuel. Public transport can also be used.
Conservation
of Water
(1) Close taps when not in use. Do not keep the
water taps open while washing, cleaning and brushing teeth.
(2) Do not dump waste material into rivers or
other water bodies.
(3) Factories should not dump hazardous or
poisonous material on land or in water bodies. This makes water (even ground
water) poisonous.
(4) Check any leakage in pipes.
Conservation
of Food
(1) Food grains should be properly stored and
protected from rodents.
(2) Excessive use of pesticides should be
discouraged.
Suggestions
for Conservation of Environment to the Persons Related to Adventure Sports
Persons involved in adventure sports, like
camping, rock-climbing, trekking, river rafting etc., can also contribute to
conserving to conserving the environment, in the following ways.
(1) Do not cut trees, herbs etc. during
expedition.
(2) Do not wash clothes, bathe or urinate near
river banks.
(3) Do not throw plastic bottles, politeness or
other such material in mountains or valleys.
(4) During activities like camping, do not
leave the waste scattered on the ground. Instead, use a dustbin.
(5) Do not leave any non-biodegradable waste
product while participating in ad-venture sports.
(6) During activities like rafting, many people
throw various things in water for fun. However, this should be avoided, as it
pollutes the water.
Very
Short and Short Answer (1 Mark)
Q1.
Define adventure sports.
Ans. The activities perceived as
having a high level of inherent danger or those activities which of them called
adventure sports.
Q2.
Explain any two objectives of participation in adventure sports.
Ans. One objective is to develop self-confidence,
while another objective is to have bonding with nature
Q3.
Enlist the equipment required for camping.
Ans. Camping requires a tent or
caravan, sleeping bag, flashlight, cooking implements, tools, first aid kit, hiking
boots etc.
Q4.
Write the names of some natural resources.
Ans. Forests, wind, minerals /
metal ores, sunlight, rocks, mountains, rivers, atmosphere, aqua culture, navigable
channels, fossil fuels like oil and natural gas, soil and wildlife are some
natural resources.
Q5. What
are Abiotic resources?
Ans. Abiotic resources are those
that come from non-living, non-organic material. For example, land, fresh
water, air and heavy metals including ores such as gold, iron, copper and
silver etc.
Q6.
What do we mean by biotic resources?
Ans. Biotic resources are
obtained from the biosphere (living and organic material) such as forests and animals
and the materials that can be obtained from them. They include coal and
petroleum, as they are organic materials.
Q7.
What is camping?
Ans. Camping is an outdoor
recreational activity. The campers get away from civilization and enjoy nature
while spending one or more nights, usually at a camp site. Camping may involve
the use of a tent, a primitive structure, or no shelter at all.
Q8.
Name five adventure sports activities.
Ans. The different types of
adventurous activities are camping, rock climbing, trekking, river rafting,
mountaineering etc.
Q9.
What is rock climbing?
Ans. Rock climbing is an activity
in which participants climb up and down or across natural formations or
artificial rock walls. The goal is to reach the summit of a formation or the
end point of a predefined route without failing. To complete a climb successfully,
one must return to the base of the route safely.
Q10.
What is mountaineering?
Ans. Mountaineering is all about
challenge and perseverance. It is about putting hands and feet onto rocks and
ice and snow and finally reaching a summit.
Q11. Who
is a leader?
Ans. If an individual offers his
services in a selfless manner after making a scheme for the development of the
individuals of the society, he is ordinarily addressed as a leader.
Q12. What
is good leadership?
Ans. According to Montgomery,
“The capacity and will to rally men and women to a common purpose is called
leadership.” Leadership is the quality of a person to lead others in a family,
society, tribe, group or country.
Q13.
What are renewable resources?
Ans. Renewable resources are
those resources which can be renewed. There are inexhaustible resources. For
example: Solar power, water power, geothermal energy, biomass energy etc. All
these resources are renewable/ inexhaustible in nature.
Q14.
What are non-renewable resources?
Ans. Non-renewable resources are
those resources that cannot be renewed. These are exhaustible in nature.
Minerals are the most common resources included in this category. Some
resources like uranium naturally decay into heavy metals without human
interference.
Q15.
What are the types of Trek?
Ans.
(a) Tea
House Trek: Tea means doing trek by eating and sleeping at tea/guest house
where the tea houses are available for sleep and already setup by the villager
for providing the service to the clients.
(b) Camping Trek: Camping
trek is a little trek house where organizers or participants carry all the
different things required for trek like all food items, tent for sleep during
the trek trips.
Q16.
What is easy trekking?
Ans. The individuals specially
the beginners are offered easy treks. There is no difficult climbing. It means
there is no climbing on high altitudes. Such treks usually provide colourful
horizons of whole series of mountain ranges.
Q17.
Briefly explain about the conservation of forests.
Ans. Conservation of forests can
also be done by saving plants. Plantation should be encouraged to conserve
forests. Increasing plantation will help us to fight against deforestation. It
also helps to reduce the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. A better
environment helps individuals to lead a healthy life.
Short
Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)
Q1.
List any three objectives of adventure sports.
Ans. The objectives of adventure
sports are:
(ì) To develop self-confidence and
concentration.
(ii) To bond with nature.
(iii) To face challenges of crisis situations.
(iv) To properly channelize bodily energy.
(v) To provide exhilaration, amusement and
excitement.
(vi) To improve social relations.
Q2.
What are the different levels of trekking?
Ans. The four levels or trekking
are easy, moderate, strenuous and difficult. Easy trekking is for beginners and
does not involve climbing to great heights, Moderate trekking more energetic
and of duration of about ten days or more. Strenuous trekking involves ascent
to heights up to 5000 meters and requires some previous trekking experience.
Difficult trekking meant only for the real adventure seekers, may last for over
a month.
Q3.
Explain three characteristics of river rafting activity.
Ans. The characteristics or river
ratting activity are:
(i) It involves using a dinghy or raft for
navigating fast flowing rivers.
(ii) Due to the swift flow and rocks in the
river, the passage requires good navigation skill for manoeuvering the raft.
(iii) It requires great physical and mental
toughness to survive the ordeal without accident or injury.
Q4.
What are three advantages of engaging in mountaineering activity?
Ans. Three advantages of engaging
in mountaineering activity are:
(i) It is one or the finest outdoor
opportunities are table for lovers or heights.
(ii) It challenges the individual to display
tremendous endurance, agility, strength and mental patience
(iii) It gives the unique experience of putting
hands and feet onto rocks and ice to reach a summit.
Q5.
Explain in brief about rock climbing.
Ans. Rock climbing is an activity
in which participants climb on natural rock formations or on artificial rock
walls. The goal is to reach the summit of a formation or the end point of
pre-determined route without falling. To complete a climb successfully, the
participant must come to the base safely. These competitions have objectives
either to complete the pre-fixed route in the minimum time or to attain the
farthest point on difficult routes. There are different types of climbing such
as Aid climbing, free climbing or Traditional climbing etc.
Q6.
Discuss in brief the meaning of conservation of environment.
Ans. Conservation of environment
simply implies the sustainable use as well as the management of natural
resources such as wildlife, water, air, energy and earth deposits. Conservation
of environment does not mean that the use of natural resources should be stopped.
Actually the aim of conservation of environment is the balanced and appropriate
use of natural resources so that neither the environment is affected nor the
coming generations are deprived of them.
Q7.
How can you use water properly?
Ans. We can make use of water in
a proper way by not leaving the water tap open while washing clothes, shaving
and brushing teeth etc. One must check and stop any leakage in water
taps/pipes. More stress should be laid on Rain water harvesting as well. The use
of ground water should be in a fair manner. The misuse of water can be
prevented by drip irrigation and sprinkle agriculture. Setting up of water
purifying plants which purify water flowing out of industries also helps in
water conservation.
Q8.
What is trekking? Discuss various types of trekking.
Ans. Trekking is an adventure
sports. It is not an easy task to do trekking. Indeed it needs a lot of
courage, confidence and a strong physique. A trek is a long journey on foot,
especially in the mountains. Trekking refers to making the long and difficult
journey on the mountains for pleasure or sport.
Q9. Mention
the material requirements for camping.
Ans. First aid kit, Tent or other
type of shelter, Hammer to drive tent stakes into the soil,
Sleeping bag or blanket for warmth, sleeping
pad to be placed under the sleeping bag,
Flash light or lantern, Axe or saw for firewood
for a camp-fire, Rain coat, hiking boots,
Bags for handling waste, Sunscreen for
protecting the skin, Personal care product and towel, Cooking implements, Multi-tool
or knife, Insect repellent, Ignition device or matchbox, Plastic blades, Sufficient
amount of food substances.
Q10.
Elaborate the material requirement for trekking.
Ans. Food material and cooking
utensils, Clothing, First aid box, Sleeping bag, A good pair of shoes and socks,
Rope, Wind cheater if rainy reason, Candle or flash light, Match box, Clock, Soap,
Paper dishes, safety pins, Tent mattress, Stove.
Q11. Mention
the material requirement for Rafting.
Ans. A swim suit, Sunshade or cap,
Sun glasses, Plastic bags for wet things, Helmet, All kitchen and camping
equipments, Tennis shoes and socks, Flashlight, Sun screen lotion, Personal
medication, Life jacket or vest, First aid box, Waterproof bags.
Q12.
Mention the material requirement for mountaineering.
Ans. Sleeping bag, Inflatable pad,
Ice axe, hammer, Crampons with 12 pikes, Harness with adjustable leg loops, Locking
carabiners, Climbing helmet, Ski or trekking poles, Snow shoes, Mountaineering
shoes and socks, Over boots required for expeditions to mountains above 16,000
feet, Sunglasses, Sun hats, Face mask, Light gloves, mild gloves and heavy
gloves, Sun skirt, Insulated mug, Personal first aid kit, Spoon, water bottles,
bowl, pee bottle, Lip-Screen, Sunscreen.
Q13. Mention
the material requirement for rock climbing.
Ans. A rope, , A harness, Good
quality climbing shoes, Tight fitting clothings, A helmet, Tapes for fingers to
avoid abrasions, Belay devices, Carabiners, Belaying Gloves, Webbing, Chalk bag.
Long
Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)
Q1.
What do you understand by conservation of environment? Explain in brief.
Ans. Environmental conservation
is the act of conserving or saving our natural resources through careful
management. This means we can use the resources but wisely and with
responsibility. For example: reducing of water waste, saving trees and forests,
recycling, using renewable resources that do not deplete our natural resources.
Conservation refers to protecting our
biodiversity from being endangered. Bio-diversity is greatly affected by the
human activities and climatic changes. Biodiversity has brought us many
advantages. It provides us food and is a source of raw materials, for example -
wood from plants can be used for making furniture. Its loss can affect our
water supply and atmosphere. Therefore, conserving biodiversity has great
importance.
Q2.
Why conservation of water, energy and forest is necessary?
Ans. 1. Water is an important
natural resources. Less than 2% of water on planet is fresh water. Most of this
fresh water is being polluted. Nearly 900 million people do not have access to
water. This is free from industrial waste and disease causing germs. People
have to walk miles every day to fetch drinking water. We should remember these
facts when we let the water flow from the tap when we brush our teeth or when
we shave. We should seriously consider harvesting rain water.
2. Ozone layer protects us from harmful
radiation emitting from the sun. These ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer
in human beings. They also reduce immunity in human beings and animals and
cause considerable damage to plant life. Plankton in the ocean will be reduced
due to these dangerous rays. Chlorofluorocarbons are depleting the ozone layer.
These should be replaced before further damage is caused.
3. Trees should be allowed to grow. Trees
reduce air temperature, remove pollution from the atmosphere, provide us with
oxygen, reduce noise pollution and decrease soil erosion. Sometimes it becomes
necessary to cut down trees. This should be made up by planting more trees.
Q3.
List five uses of water as a natural resource indicating how it can be
conserved.
Ans. Uses of water as a natural
resource are:
(1) Using ground water (from wells / tube
wells) for crop irrigation. This can be conserved by using sprinklers and drip
irrigation method.
(2) Use of rain water run multiple needs. By
rain water harvesting, this can be used.
(3) Reuse waste water flowing from industries
after effluent treatment.
(4) Using water for domestic needs like
drinking, bathing, clothes washing etc. To conserve this, avoid keeping water
taps open while brushing teeth, shaving etc. Also check and repair leakage in
water taps or pipes.
(5) Use of river water for multiple needs. This
water must be treated for effluents before being released for irrigation.
Q4.
What are the Safety Measures for rock climbing?
Ans. The following safety measures
should be taken into consideration for rock climbing:
1. Always check both the climbers’ and belay’s
harness buckles are doubled back when you are out for rock climbing.
2. Always check knots before starting climbing.
3. Always wear a helmet while climbing a rock.
It protects your head from falling.
4. Make sure that the climbing is long enough
to reach the anchors. So for the purpose of safety use a long rope.
5. While belaying always pay attention to the
leader.
6. Before you climb make sure that you bring
enough gear with you.
7. When you are leading always make sure that
the rope is over your leg rather than between them. So, if you climb with the
rope over your leg it will provide you sufficient safety.
8. Check your knots, harness buckle, belay etc.
frequently.
9. Take some time with each step.
10. Avoid the tendency to rely completely on
the hands and arms and learn to trust on your feet.
Q5.
Explain five methods of conservation of environment which should be employed by
persons engaging in adventure sports.
Ans. Methods of conservation of
environment which should be employed persons engaging in adventure sports are:
(1) Don't leave leftover eatables or any
rubbish by the roadside. Either dispose in a proper dumping place or bury it.
(2) Dirty utensils and clothes should not be
washed in streams. Collect water in a bucket and wash them with that.
(3) Do not leave any non-biodegradable waste
products at any place, but bring them back to deposit at waste collection centers
or approved dumping sites.
(4) Do not defecate or urinate near streams or
on river banks.
(5) Do not remove or cut trees, herbs or shrubs
for burning fires or cooking during your activity.
Q6.
What are the Safety Measures for Rafting?
Ans. For river rafting, the
stress be laid on the following points:
1. You should avoid to go for river rafting
alone. In fact river rafting alone is a sign of just asking for trouble.
2. You should have enough capabilities as a
swimmer.
3. You should have proper knowledge about the
classification of the river. These are classified from grad I to VII (from easy
level to dangerous level).
4. Whenever you go for river rafting, always
wear life vest and helmet.
5. Before going for river rafting, check the
equipment to make sure that everything is in place and nothing has become
defective. Taking a few minutes to check for cracks and the air levels of the
rafts will always be beneficial.
6. If it is going dark, don’t raft. So end your
trip before darkness falls.
7. Drink plenty of liquids before, during and
after rafting because rafters can easily forget to stay hydrated.
8. When you feel tired during rafting, it is
significant to remember the rule of not dragging their paddle in the water.
Q7.
What are the Safety Measures for trekking?
Ans. For trekking the following
safety measures should be taken into consideration:
1. Avoid trekking trip during raining reason,
specially don’t stay at the flow of water.
2. Tape the required material such as water
match box, food stuffs, small knife and rope etc. Even forgetting a small thing
can make a big difference in trekking trip.
3. Before heading for trekking trip, see the
weather report of that area. Avoid trekking during bad weather or climate
conditions.
4. Take multi-pocket carry bag for trekking
trips. The bag should be spacious to carry the important trekking essentials.
5. To prevent insect bites do wear full sleeves
shirts and full pants.
6. Wear proper footwear so that you don’t slip
while trekking on mountains.
7. Don’t eat leaves, flowers etc., while
trekking. They may be poisonous.
8. Persons suffering from heart and lung
ailments should not go for trekking because they may fall prey to acute
mountain sickness.
Q8.
What are the safety measures in adventure sports?
Ans. The following are the safety
measures in adventure sports:
1. Ensure that you are in good physical
condition
2. Always follow the other trekkers and
mountaineers
3. Always walk in line when going for trek or
mountaineering
4. Always wear life vest and other gears.
5. Learn swimming
6. Drink sufficient water and liquid to avoid
dehydration.
7. Use proper shoes or boots during adventurous
activity.
8. Use sun screen lotion to avoid UV rays.
9. Use the map and study the route before going
for mountaineering or trekking.
10. Don’t eat leaves or unknown fruits. They
may be poisonous.
Q9.
What are six safety measures to be kept in mind while camping?
Ans. Safety measures to be kept
in mind while camping are (any six)
(ì) Pack a first aid kit for use in
emergencies.
(ii) Before starting for the camping site, go
through the weather forecast for the area. At the camp site, watch the sky for
changes.
(iii) Reach the camp site with enough time to
check the complete site during day time.
(iv) Avoid areas of natural hazards for camping.
(v) Keep fuel burning appliances like stoves
far away from tents.
(vi) Do not use candles or an open flame; instead,
use a flashlight inside the tents.
(vii) Do not leave waste products in an open
area, but recycle them or bury them.
(viii) Beware when encountering wildlife,
(ix) Ensure to extinguish completely all fires
after use; do not leave any smouldering embers.
(x) Beware of poisonous plants, as they may be
allergic.
Q10.
What precautions should a mountaineer take during mountaineering?
Ans. The following are the
precautions that can be taken during mountaineering:
1. Ensure that you are perfectly healthy.
2. Always follow the other trekkers and
mountaineers.
3. Always walk in line when going for trek or
mountaineering.
4. Always wear life vest and other gears.
5. Learn swimming.
6. Drink sufficient water and liquids to avoid
dehydration.
7. Use proper shoes or boots during adventurous
activity.
8. Use sun screen lotion to avoid sun UV rays.
9. Use the map and study the route before going
for mountaineering or trekking.
10. Don’t eat leaves or unknown fruits. They
may be poisonous.
11. Take a multi-pocket carry bag for trekking
trips. So that it can be used to carry important trekking material.
12. Be aware of your surrounding and be mindful
of fellow mountaineers.
13. Trekkers and mountaineers must check the
weather forecast before leaving the camp area.
14. Always carry personal medicines and first
aid kit while going for trekking and mountaineering.
Q11.
Define leadership. Explain the leadership qualities in physical education.
Ans. According to ‘Montgomery’,
“The capacity and will to rally men and women to a common purpose is called
leadership.” In simple words “leadership” may be defined as the quality of a person
to lead others in the various fields of life. The following are the leadership
qualities:
1.
Energetic: A
leader should be energetic in the field of physical education. In fact, it is
the basic requirement of this profession.
2. Affection
and Friendliness: Affection
and friendliness are also the necessary qualities for a leader in this
profession. These qualities are developed through physical education programmes
and Olympic Games specially during training as well as competitions.
3. Decisiveness: A leader in the field of
physical education should be decisive. It means he should have the ability to
decide or to take decisions spontaneously.
4.
Technically Skilled: A
leader in the field of physical education should be technically skilled. He
should be an expert in his discipline and specialization.
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