Unit 1 - Planning in Sports
Introduction
Planning in sports is the
process of setting goals, developing strategies and outlining tasks and
schedules to accomplish the goals of sports events. In other words we can say
that planning is to decide a course of action. A planning should be based upon
futuristic concept and need based. The planning is needed for better organization
and systematic implementation of the event.
Meaning of Planning
Planning is the process which
helps us in reaching at our destination efficiently and smoothly. A plan is a
predetermined course of action to achieve a specified goal.
It is related to the
organization of various types of sports tournaments such as knock-out
tournaments, league tournaments, combination tournaments, and challenge
tournaments, etc. It is also related to sports training such as short term and
long term aims.
Planning is an intellectual
process of thinking in advance about setting of goals and developing strategies
which are required to attain the goals efficiently. However, in the field of
physical education and sports, there are various types of planning. There are
also training session plans, weekly plans, micro cycle plan and yearly plans.
This planning is necessary for optimum development of all the factors on which
the performance depends. It is also necessary for regulation and evaluation of
training process.
Objectives of Planning
Planning is done considering
the aim and objectives of programme along with time and finances available for programme.
The following are the objectives of Planning:
(1) It increases the sports
performance of athletes.
(2) It aims at proper
coordination among the various members of committees, formed for organizing the
competition smoothly.
(3) It begins with
requirements of the programme based upon number of participants, type of
activity, etc.
(4) It helps in keeping a
good control in organizing a tournament.
(5) It improves the
efficiency of sports officials in conducting sports events/competitions.
(6) It reduces the chances of
mistakes and oversights.
(7) It helps innovative and
creative thinking among sports officials because many new ideas come to the
mind of officials when they make a plan.
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark)
Q1. What is planning?
Ans. Planning is a process of development of a strategy to
achieve desired objectives, to solve problems and to facilitate action.
Planning covers all the aspects of any tournament.
Q2. Name some specific sports programmes.
Ans. Specific sports programmes are:
1. Health run
2. Run for fun
3. Run for unity
4. Run for awareness
Q3. What
do you mean by the word 'Tournament'?
Ans. Tournament is that
series of sports competitions in which a team finally wins and rest of the
teams lose the matches. Nowadays, tournaments or competitions are held
according to set rules and regulations. There are various tournaments in the
field of sports as zonal level, district level, national level and
international level.
Q4. List the various types of tournaments.
Ans. Various types of tournaments are:
(í) Knock-out tournament
(ii) League tournament
(iii) Combination tournament
(iv) Challenge tournament
Q5. What do you mean by consolation tournaments?
Ans. Consolation tournaments are those tournaments in which an additional
chance is given to the defeated team.
Q6. What
do you mean by combination tournament?
Ans. Combination tournaments
are conducted when the matches are to be played on group basis or zonal basis.
As a matter of fact, these tournaments depend on the suitability of the
activity, the number of participating teams and the areas and distance from which
they come to participate.
Q7. What
do you mean by league cum league tournament?
Ans. In this type of
tournament total number of teams are divided in four zones. All the teams play
their matches in their respective zones on league basis. One team from each
zone becomes the zonal winner. It is called zonal or group tournament. After
all the zonal winner teams again play the matches on league basis and one team
becomes the winner of inter zonal or group tournament.
Q8. What do you mean by seeding?
Ans. Seeding is such a
method in which strong teams/players are selected to keep them at appropriate
places in the fixture so that they may not meet in the earlier rounds. They
usually meet at the stage of quarter finals. For the selection of strong teams,
the organizers must be well aware of the previous performance of the teams.
Q9. What
is special seeding?
Ans. In special seeding, the
seeded players participate directly in quarter-final or semi-final. They need
not wait for longer duration.
Q10. Define knock-out tournament.
/ What is elimination tournament?
Ans. In this type of
tournament, a team which is once defeated, automatically gets eliminated from
the tournament. Only the winning team continue in the tournament. It means that
second opportunity is not given to the defeated team.
Q11. What
are the advantages of knockout tournament?
Ans. 1.The knockout
tournaments are less expensive because the team, which gets defeated;
is eliminated from the competition.
2. The knockout tournament is helpful in enhancing
the standard of sports because each team tries to present the best performance
to avoid the defeat.
3. It requires less time to complete the
tournament due to less number of matches.
Q12. What
are the disadvantages of knockout tournament?
1. There may be many chances of elimination of
good teams in 1st or 2nd round. So good teams may not reach into the
final round.
2. There are maximum chances of weak teams to
enter into the final round.
3. Spectators may not have enough interest in
the final match.
Q13. What do you mean by 'League tournament'? / What is Round Robin tournament?
Ans. 'League Tournament' is
also called 'Round RobinTournament'. Mr. Burger was the first person, who
imagined about the league tournament and owing to that, it is also called
'Burger System'. In this type of tournament, each team plays with every other
team once, if it is a single league tournament. If it is double league
tournament, each team plays with every other team twice. In these types of
tournament, every team plays with every other team without any consideration of
victory or defeat.
Q14. What
are the advantages of league tournament?
Ans. 1. Only strong or
deserving team gets victory in the tournament.
2. Every team gets full opportunity to show its
efficiency or performance.
3. Sports and games can be made more popular
through league tournament due to maximum number of matches.
4. In such type of tournament, the sports
officials do not face any difficulty while selecting or determining the
appropriate players or team. They have enough time to watch the efficiency and
performance of a player.
Q15. What
are the disadvantages of league tournament?
Ans. 1. It requires more time.
2. It costs more.
3. The teams coming from far and wide,
generally face more problems because such tournaments waste their time and
money.
4. It requires more arrangement for sports
officials and teams.
5. Most of the teams become psychologically
down due to their defeat again and again. In such situation, these teams become
unable to show good performance. That is why, the spectators do not get proper
recreation.
Q16. What do you mean by a 'bye'?
Ans. A team, which gets bye,
does not play in the first round. It is a form of privilege to a team which is
exempted to participate in first round. It is given by drawing lots. If the
number of teams in a tournament is in power of two i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 etc. bye is not given to any team.
Q17.
Explain procedure for giving bye.
Ans. Before drawing a
fixture, two things are ensured, i.e. whether the number of teams participating
is a power of two or not. If the number of teams is a power of two, byes are
not given. In case the number of teams is not a power of two, then byes shall be
given. For instance if the number of teams participating are 11, next higher
power of two will be 16. So, the number of byes is 16 – 11 =5.
Q18. What is health run?
Ans. Health run is organized
by health department, sports department or social organizations. Usually their
purpose is to ameliorate the standard of health in a country along with the
raising of funds for charity. Health run is such a great physical activity that
offers a significant health benefits. Health run does not require any specific
preparation.
Q19. What
do you mean by intramurals?
Ans. The word 'Intramural'
is derived from the Latin words 'Intra' and ‘Muralis'. ‘Intra’ means ‘within’
and `Muralis' means 'walls'. It means that the activities which are performed
within the walls or within the campus of an institution are called
`intramurals'. These activities are organized only for the students of a school
or institution.
Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)
Q. Briefly mention the objectives of intramurals.
Ans. The objectives of intramural are
(ì) To provide incentive,
motivation and opportunity to learn various skills.
(ii) To develop sportsman
spirit among students.
(iii) To help in recreation
of the students.
(iv) To improve social
relations among the students.
Q. Discuss any two importances of tournaments.
Ans. Importance of tournaments are -
Source of Recreation A large
number of people go to watch various games and sports for getting recreation.
Sports tournaments provide ample recreation to the spectators. Development of
Social Qualities Social qualities such as cooperation, tolerance, sympathy, group
cohesion, brotherhood and discipline are developed among participants through
sports tournaments.
Q. What are the advantages of knock-out tournaments?
Ans. The advantages of knock-out tournaments are
(i) Minimum number of
officials is required in organizing tournaments.
(ii)Less number of matches is
played, thus requiring less time to complete the tournaments.
(íìì) Less expensive because
the team which gets defeated is eliminated from the competition.
Q. Briefly explain about any two specific sports programmes.
Ans. Sports programmes can be explained as
(ì) Run for Fun: It can be
organized by any educational institution for another institution or
organization and for people of all ages. It is arranged just for the sake of
fun to create Good habits for good health.
(ìì) Run for Unity: An
institution can organize a run for unity to create a feeling of unity among the
people and communities for the unity of the country,
Q. Mention the activities which are included in intramurals
and extramural,
Ans. Activities that are included are:
Drill, Dumb-bell, Marching,
chess, Roller skating, Sack race, Shuttle run, Volleyball, Football, Cricket, Basketball,
Athletics, Kho - kho, Cycling etc.
Extramural Friendly matches,
restricted competitions, Open competitions etc.
Q1.
Discuss any two importance of tournaments.
Ans. Sports tournaments are
a good source of recreation. They provide ample recreation to the spectators.
For getting recreation, they do not hesitate to make a large expenditure. That
is why, a large number of people go to watch the Olympic Games and world cups
of various games and sports.
Social traits and ethical values such as
tolerance, sympathy, cooperation, brotherhood, discipline, fair play, justice,
honesty and respect for others are developed among participants through sports
tournaments.
Q2. Explain about knockout tournament with an example.
Ans. Most of the tournaments
are organized on the basis of knockout. In this type of tournament, a team
which is once defeated, automatically gets eliminated from the tournament. Only
the winning teams continue in the tournament. It means that second opportunity
is not given to the defeated team. Opportunities are given to the winning teams
or players. For example: If four teams participate in knock out tournament, the
winning team is declared in the following way:
In the 1st round, team A and B as well as team
C and D play their matches. If team B and team D become the winners of 1st
round, these teams i.e., B and D get
opportunity to play in the 2nd round and team A and team C will be
eliminated from the tournament. Finally, team D becomes the winners of the
tournament.
Q3.
Explain any two objectives of intramurals.
Ans. (1) The main objective of intramurals is to find out the talented
sportspersons. It is a well-known fact that every nation of the world wants to
win medals at international level such as world cup and Olympics. It is not as
easy as we think. In the previous century, the Germans adopted "Catch them
young" technique. Intramural competitions help us find out the talented
sportspersons due to participation of all the students in such competitions.
(2) Another
objective of intramural activities is
to provide the opportunity to develop the physical, mental, social and
emotional aspects of personality of students.
Q4.
Briefly explain any two objectives of extramurals.
Ans. (1) The main objective of
extramurals is to broaden the base of sports. Many students from various
schools participate in extramurals and get motivated. Such motivation broadens
the base for sports.
(2) Another
important objectives of extramurals is to provide the knowledge of new rules,
regulations, advanced techniques and tactics of sports and games to the students.
Students come to know about new rules and regulations of the games and sports.
They learn new techniques as well as tactics which enable them to improve their
performance.
Long
Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)
Q1.
Mention the activities which are included in ‘intramurals’.
Ans. There are a number of
activities which may be included in intramural competitions. The activities for
intramurals should be selected very carefully. Mainly, the selection of
activities should be based on two factors viz., interests of students and availability
of facilities in the institutions or school. Along with these factors, we
should not forget the recreational aspect of intramurals. All the intramural
activities must give recreation to the students. These activities should be
capable of achieving the goals of education and general development of the
students. Hence, the selection should be made out of the following categories
of activities:
1. Major
games: Volleyball,
Hockey, Cricket, Basketball, Kabaddi, Swimming, Athletics, Cycling, Wrestling,
Lawn tennis, Football, Softball and Badminton etc.
2. Minor
games: Shuttle
Runs, Kho-Kho, Circle games, Tag games, Roller Skating, Potato Race, Sack Race
and Three-legged Race etc.
3.
Rhythmic: Lazium,
Dumb-bell, Marching, Folk dance, Group dance, Socio dance, Mass P.T. and
Rhythmic Gymnastics etc.
4.
Creative activities: Painting,
Drawing. Sculpturing, Making model.
5.
Combative activities: Boxing, Judo, Taekwondo, Karate etc.
Q2. Explain seeding method and special seeding in knockout tournament.
Ans. There is always a
possibility in knockout tournament that strong teams may be paired with weak
teams or all strong teams might have been grouped in upper half or lower half.
In this way, some strong teams have the possibility to be eliminated in the
preliminary round. So this may be a setback to the strong teams to avoid such a
situation, seeding method is used. In this method, the strong teams are
selected to keep them at appropriate place in the fixture. For the selection of
strong teams to avoid such a situation, seeding method is used. In this method,
the strong teams, the organizers must be well-aware of the previous performance
of teams. If two teams are to be seeded, one team is kept on the top of upper
half and second team is kept in the last of the lower half. If 4 teams are to
be seeded, the first two teams will be kept at the places mentioned above. The
third seeded team will be kept on the top of lower half and the fourth seeded
team will be kept at the lowest place in the upper half. Generally, the number
of seeded teams, is kept in the fixture by lots.
Q3.
Briefly explain the need of extramural competitions.
Ans. Extramural competitions
provide ample opportunities to schools to show their sports capabilities. If
the students of a school have good sports capabilities and show good
performance in extramural, they will be able to put a colourful feather in the
cap of that institution. It will enhance the image of that institution.
Through extramural competitions, the standard
of sports performance can be enhanced. Specially, the losers can make strenuous
efforts to improve their sports performance in next extramural competitions.
Extramurals are essential for making and
implementing the programmes of physical education more effective. Extramural
also helps in broadening the base of sports.
Q4.
Elucidate the importance of tournament in detail.
Ans. Tournament is that
series of sports in which a team finally wins and rest of the teams lose the
matches. Before organizing a tournament, it is very essential to prepare a good
plan. There are various methods to organize a tournament. To select the best method
it depends upon various factors such as what is the number of participating
teams? What facilities of ground equipment, number of officials are available
and in how many days, the tournament is to be completed.
Importance
of Tournament
1. By participating in
tournaments various skills of sports are developed. The maximum number of
participation in tournaments does not develop only technical skills of the
sports but tactical skills also. They acquire efficiency in skills and finally,
they improve the game.
2. Tournaments are helpful
in publicizing the sports. When a tournament of a new sports is organized, the
spectators come to know about that sports. Thus, it creates interests in that
sport.
3. On the basis of
tournament, the good players can be selected easily by observing their
performance in the tournament. Those players, who present good performance, can
be selected for upper level tournament so, tournament is an appropriate way to
select a good team of players.
4. Sports tournaments are
helpful in developing national integration as well as international unity and
brotherhood. Tournament is one of the best means of enhancing international
peace.
Q7. What
do you mean by intramurals? Mention the need of intramurals for school
children.
Ans. The word 'intramural'
is derived from the Latin word `intra' and 'murals'. Intra means 'within' and
'murals' means 'wall'. It means that the activities which are performed within
the walls or within the compound of an institution are called `intramurals'. These
activities are organized only for the students of the school or institutions.
No student of other schools can participate in these activities. "A game
for each and each for a game" may be considered the motto of intramurals.
It is usually such that approximately 5% students of a school are selected to
participate is such competitions. Have we ever thought about the remaining
percentage of students of a school? The intramural programmes can solve this
problem because these programmes offer ample opportunities for voluntary
participation and competition among the students of the same institution.
Need
of Intramurals: In simple term,
intramural means, "A game for each and each for a game."
1. Intramurals are very essential for physical,
mental, emotional and social development of students.
2. These programmes also lay stress on moral
and ethical values of students.
3. Intramurals are necessary for the
development of health of children.
4. These programmes are also essential to calm
down the fighting instinct of children.
5. These programmes refresh the children and
make them agile.
6. Intramurals provide maximum recreation to
the students.
Q8.
Elucidate the need of Extramurals.
Ans. The word 'Extramural'
is derived from the Latin words 'extra' and 'murals'. Extra means 'outside' and
'murals' means 'wall'. It means that the activities, which are performed
outside the walls of an institution or school. It means that the activities,
which are organized by an institution/school and the students of two or more
schools participate in them.
Extramurals are essential in the field of
physical education because without extramurals competitions, the programmes of
physical education remain incomplete. The following points are significant to
show the need of extramural competitions.
1. Extramural competitions
provide ample opportunities to schools to show their sports capabilities. The
students of a school have good sports capabilities and show good performance in
extramurals, they will be able to put a new feather in the cap of that
institution. It will enhance the image of that institution.
2. Through extramural
competitions the standard of sports performance can be enhanced specially. The
losers can make strenuous efforts to improve their sports performance in next
extramural competitions.
3. Extramurals are
essential to provide appropriate knowledge of new techniques of sports. The teams, which do not have appropriate as
well as advanced techniques of various sports and games, can get such knowledge
by participating in extramurals.
4. Extramurals are
essential for making and implementing the programme of physical education more
effective. Extramurals also help in broadening the base sports.
Q9. What
do you mean by specific sports programmes? Explain about health run and run for
unity in detail.
Ans. Specific sports
programmes are such programmes of sports which are not usually related to
competitions. These sports programmes have various objectives such as creating
awareness among people regarding unity, health and diseases like AIDS, swine
flu etc. and raising funds for charitable institutions or organizations.
Health
Run: Health
runs are organized by health department, sports department or social
organizations. Usually their purpose is to ameliorate the standard of health in
country along with raising funds for charity. Health run is such a great
physical activity as offers a significant health benefits. Health run does not
require any specific preparation. For health runs, the requirement is only a pair
of shoes and light clothes. There is no competition in it but registration of
participant is performed in advance. The date and time is also fixed well in
advance. There is no age limit in health runs and the distance course of
running is also fixed up.
Run for
unity: Such
a run is organized with a specific purpose i.e. to show unity and peace among
the people of different religions. Its purpose may be national and
international integration and brotherhood. In some countries, run for unity is
organized to celebrate their independence. It may be in the form of relay race
of long distance. Every participant runs some distance. The cash prize is given
to the first three position holders. Such runs create harmony, peace and
solidarity among people of different religions. It brings a sense of
togetherness among people.
Q10.
Enlist the committees for organizing sports events and explain any five communities
in detail.
Ans. 1. Committee for publicity
2. Transport committee
3. Boarding and lodging committee
4. Decoration and ceremony
5. Refreshment and entertainment committee
6. Reception committee
7. Ground and Equipment committee
8. Announcement committee
9. Committee for officials
1. Transport
committee: This committee is responsible for providing the facilities
regarding transportation of various teams to the venues of sports events or the
place of boarding and lodging as the case may be. Its main duty is to make
necessary arrangements for transportation.
2.
Boarding and lodging committee: Boarding and lodging committee is responsible
for making necessary arrangement for providing accommodation and serving meals
to the sportspersons and officials.
3.
Grounds and equipment committee: This committee is responsible for making the
grounds or laying out the track and field. This committee also makes necessary
arrangement of equipment related to the game, athletic meet. This committee is
also responsible for providing the equipments according to specifications.
4.
Refreshments and entertainment committee: This committee takes the charge of
supplying refreshments and drinks to the guests, officials and competitors etc.
It also makes some arrangement for entertainment programmes at the opening
ceremony and closing ceremony of sports events.
5.
Reception committee: The
members of this committee are responsible to welcome the chief guests at the
opening and closing ceremonies. It is also the duty of this committee to
welcome the other guests and spectators.
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