Note-Making & Summarizing
HOW TO MAKE NOTES
1. Read the passage carefully and thoroughly
2.While reading the passage, underline the key-sentences. It will help you in forming the title and sub-titles.
3.Make a rough note of the main points and give them a logical sequence.
4.Use any format you like but it should depend on the theme of the passage. A little practice will make you adept in note-making.
Always remember
1. They should be short and to the point.
2. They should have all the important and relevant information.
3. Information should be systematically divided and sub-divided.
4. Use universally recognized symbols and abbreviations wherever necessary and provide key to the abbreviations.
5. Main title should be short. Avoid a long sentence as a title unless it happens to be a common saying or a
proverb. It should reflect the spirit of the passage.
6. Notes must be written in points only. They should be listed one under the other and numbered properly.
Always avoid
1. Avoid the use of a full and complete sentence.
2. Do not lift portions of the passage to form notes.
3. Do not include irrelevant piece of information in your notes.
Mechanics of Note-Making
(a) Use of Abbreviations
(i) Capitalized first letter of words : UNO, CBSE, NCERT etc.
(ii) arithmetic symbols : (> <, , kg., % etc.)
(iii) Commonly used : (in newspapers, magazines etc.)
(sc., govt., Eng., Sans.)
(iv) Invented : First and last few letters of the words with a dot
at the end (edul., poln., popn. mfg.).
Note : ln case a student uses his/her invented contraction, he/she is required
to provide key for the same as:
prblm. = problem
trp'nt. = transparent
rqd. = required
dprsd. = depressed
Notes / Points of students may vary from one another but one should
ensure that the main ideas/views are covered.
(b) Proper indentation
Notes:
Title: Geographical Location of India
Sub-title____________
(a)___________________
(b)___________________
(c)___________________
(i)______________
(ii)______________
(a)___________________
(b)___________________
(c)___________________
(i)______________
(ii)______________
Sub-title____________
Sub-title____________
(a)___________________
(b)___________________
(c)___________________
Sub-title___________
(a)___________________
(i)_______________
(ii)______________
(b)___________________
(c)___________________
(c) Make use of words and phrases only. Avoid full length Sentences.
(d) Give appropriate Title. The title may be given at the starting of notes
or before summary which is of -3- marks and should not be more
than 1/3 of the passage's length.
Marking Scheme / Pattern for Note Making :
1. Notes - Heading / Title 1 Mark
2. Abbreviation / Contraction 1 Mark (Minimum four)
3. Sub-Headings (Two-three as per the requirement) along with 2-3
points. (1½ x 2)= 3
Key to Abbreviations:
1. wrtg. = writing
2. U.K. = United Kingdom
3.______ = ____________
4.______ = ____________
5.______ = ____________
SUMMARISING: (80 Words)
Students are required to write a paragraph using the main points listed in the notes. Complete sentences are used. They are logically and cohesively linked together with the help of suitable linkers. Do not use abbreviations and symbols.
Marking Scheme: Content - 02 , Expression - 01
(Standard word limit for Summary is 80 words or around 1/3 of the passage)
Unseen Passages for Note-Making (Solved)
Q 1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
1. There are two
problems that cause great worry to our educationists – The problem of religious
and moral destruction in the land of many faiths and the problems arising out
of the large variety of languages.
2. Taking up the
education of the children we see that
they should be trained to live one another, to be kind and helpful to all, to
be tender to the lower animals and to observe and think right. The task of
teaching them how to read and write and to count and to calculate is important
but it should not make us lose sight of the primary aim of moulding personality
in the right way.
3. For this, it is necessary to call into aid
culture, tradition and religion. But in our country we have, in the same
school, to look after boys and girls born in different faiths and belonging to
families that live diverse ways of life, easy path of evading the difficulty by
attending solely to physical culture and intellectual education. We have to
evolve a suitable technique and method for serving the spiritual needs of
school children professing different faiths. We should thereby promote an
atmosphere of mutual respect, a fuller understanding and helpful co-operation
among the different communities in our society. Again we must remain one people
and we have, therefore, to give basic training to our schools to speak and
understand more languages than one and to appreciate and respect the different
religions prevailing in India. It is not right for us in India to be overtaking
the young mind. What is necessary must be done. And it is not in fact the great
a burden.
4. Any attempt to
do away with a stream roll the differences through governmental coercion and
indirect pressure would be as futile as it would be unwise. Any imposition of a
single way of life and form of workshop on all children or neglect of a section
of the pupils in this respect, or barren secularization will lead to conflict
between school and home life which is harmful. On the other hand, if we give
due recognition to the different prevailing faiths in the educational
institutions by organizing suitable facilities for religious teaching for boys
and girls of all communities our problem will be solved to a larger extent.
This may itself serve as a broadening influence of great national values.
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage
, make notes on it, in points only using headings and sub-headings. Also use
recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary. (Minimum 4). Supply a suitable title to it.
(b) Write a summary of the above passage in about 80
words.
Title: Influence of
Faiths and Languages on Education
Notes:
1. Worry of our educationists
1.1 problem of relig. And moral edn.
1.2 innum. faiths & variety of langs.
2. Task of teaching
2.1 moulding right personality
2.2 loving one another
2.3 being kind & helpful to all
2.4 tender to lower animals
2.5 observing & thinking right
3. Spiritual needs of school children
3.1 teaching mutual respect
3.2 co-operation among diff. communities
3.3 speaking & understanding more
langs. than one
Key to Abbreviations
1. education = edn.
2. languages = langs.
3. innumerable = innum.
4. and = &
5. different = diff.
6. religious = relig.
Summary
Generally school children face two types of problems. There is a
problem of religions and moral education since there are innumerable faiths and
languages as well. The task of teaching involves moulding right personality and
that will give them love. They should learn to be kind and helpful. They should
be tender to lower animals. There are certain techniques which can achieve the
spiritual needs. They can learn mutual respect and cooperate with the children
of different communities. It is important that they should cooperate and
understand the others as well.
Q 2. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions
that follow: (8)
1. The small village of
Somnathpur contains an extraordinary temple, built around 1268 A.D. by the
Hoyasalas of Karnataka – one of the most prolific temple-builders. Belur and
Helebid are among their better-known works. While these suffered during the
invasions of the 14th century, the Somnathpur temple stands more or
less intact in near-original condition.
2. This small temple
captivates with the beauty and vitality of its detailed sculpture, covering almost
every inch of the walls, pillars and even ceilings. It has three shikharas and
stands on a star-shaped, raised platform with 24 edges. The outer walls have a
profusion of detailed carvings: the entire surface run over by carved plaques
of stone. There were vertical panels covered by exquisite figures of gods and
goddesses with many incarnations being depicted. There were nymphs too, some
carrying an ear of maize a symbol of plenty and prosperity. The elaborate
ornamentation, very characteristic of Hoyasala sculptures, was a remarkable
feature. On closer look- and it is worth it – the series of friezes on the outer
walls revealed intricately carved caparisoned (covered decorative cloth)
elephants, charging horsemen, stylized flowers,
warriors, musicians,
crocodiles, and swans.
3. The temple was actually
commissioned by Soma Dandanayaka or Somnath (he named the village after
himself), the minister of the Hoyasala king, Narasimha, the Third. The temple
was built to house three versions of Krishna.
4. The inner center of the
temple was the kalyana mandapa. Leading from here were three corridors each
ending in a shrine, one for each kind of Krishna – Venugopala, Janardana and Prasanna
Keshava, though only two remain in their original form. In the darkness of the sanctum
sanctorum, I tried to discern the different images. The temple’s sculptural
perfection is amazing and it includes the doors of the temple and the three
elegantly carved towers.
(a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it
using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations, wherever
necessary. Give the passage a suitable title. 5
(b) Write a summary of the above passage in about 80 words.
Title: Temple
of Somnathpur
1. Temple: the beauty
and vitality
1.1. Detailed sculpture –
covering walls, pillars, ceilings
1.1. a. Series of friezes
on outer walls
1.1. b. intricately carved
elephants
1.1. c. charging horsemen
1.1. d. stylized flowers
1.1. e. warriors,
musicians, crocodile and swans
1.2. three shikharas –
stands *shaped, raised platform – 24 edges
1.3. the outer walls –
detailed carvings
1.4. the entire surface –
carved plaques of stone
1.5. vertical panels
covered by exq. fig.
2.
Representation of Hinduism
2.1. incarnations
2.2. many deities
3. Temple
in the History
3.1. comsnd. Soma
Dandanayaka or Somnath
3.2. the inner center of
the temple – kalyana mandapa
3.3. three corridors
ending in a shrine
Key to
Abbreviations
1. * = star
2. exq = exquisite
3. fig = figures
4. comsnd. = commissioned
Summary
The temple of Somnathpur
is extraordinary due to the sculptures on the walls,
pillars, and even the
ceiling which is covered by exquisite figures of gods and
goddesses. It is a
representation of Hinduism with its many incarnations and
deities. The temple
commissioned by Somnath has a ‘kalyana mandapa’ with three
corridors ending in a
shrine.
Unseen Passages for Note-Making (Unsolved)
Q 3. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions
that follow: (8)
1.The practice of soil
conservation involves methods to reduce soil erosion, prevent depletion of soil
nutrients, and restore nutrients, already lost by erosion and excessive crop
harvesting. Most methods used to control soil erosion involve, keeping the soil
covered with vegetation.
2. In conventional
farming, the land is ploughed several times and smoothed to make a
planting surface – a
practice that makes it vulnerable to soil erosion. To reduce erosion, an increasing
number of farmers in many countries are using conservation – tillage farming,
also known as minimum – tillage, or no- till farming, depending on the degree
to which the soil is disturbed. Farmers using these methods disturb the soil as
little as possible in planting crops.
3. For the minimum-tillage
method, special tillers break up and loosen the subsurface soil without turning
over the topsoil. In no-till farming special planting machines inject seeds, fertilizers
and weed-killers into slits made in the unploughed soil.
4.In addition to reducing
soil erosion, conversation – tillage and no-till farming reduce
Fuel and tillage costs and
water loss from soil. They can also increase the number of
crops that can be grown
during a season.
5.Soil erosion can also be
reduced by 30-50 percent on gently sloping land by means of
contour farming –
ploughing and planting crops in rows across, rather than up and down, the
sloped contours of the land. Each row planted horizontally along the slope of
the land acts as a small dam to help hold and slow the runoff of water.
6. Terracing can be used
on steeper slopes. Each terrace retains some of the water running down the
vegetated slope. Terracing provides water for crops at all levels and decreases
soil erosion by reducing the amount and speed of water runoff. In areas of high
rainfall, diversions ditches must be built behind each terrace to permit
adequate drainage.
7. In strip cropping, a
series of rows of one crop, such as corn or soybeans, is planted in a wide
strip. Then the next strip is planted with a soil-conserving cover crop, such
as grass or grass-legume mixture, which completely covers the soil and thus
reduces erosion. These alternating rows of cover trap soil that erodes from the
other rows, catch and reduce water runoff, and help prevent the spread of plant
diseases and pests from one strip to another.
8. Windbreaks can reduce
erosion caused by exposure of cultivated lands to high winds or shelter beats.
These are long rows of trees planted to partially block the wind. Windbreaks
also provide habitats for birds, pest eating and pollinating insects and other
animals.
1.On the basis of your reading of
the above passage make notes on it using headings and subheadings. Use
recognizable abbreviations, wherever necessary. Give the passage a suitable
title. (5 marks)
2. Write a summary of the notes
prepared in not more than 80 words. (3 marks)
Q 4. Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that
follow:
1. The tests of life are
its plus factors. Overcoming illness and suffering is a plus factor for it moulds
character. Steel is iron plus fire, soil is rock plus heat. So let’s include
the plus factor in our lives.
2. Sometimes the plus
factor is more readily seen by the simple-hearted. Myers tells the story of a mother
who brought into her home - as a companion to her own son - a little boy who
happened to have a hunchback. She had warned her son to be careful not to refer
to his disability, and to go right on playing with him as if he were like any
other boy.
3. The boys were playing
and after a few minutes she overheard her son say to his companion: “Do you
know what you have got on your back?” The little boy was embarrassed, but
before he could reply, his playmate continued: “It is the box in which your
wings are and someday God is going to cut it open and then you will fly away
and be an angel”.
4. Often it takes a
third eye or a change in focus, to see the plus factor. Walking along the
corridors of a hospital recently where patients were struggling with fear of
pain and tests, I was perturbed. What gave me fresh perspective were the
sayings put up everywhere, intended to uplift. One saying made me conscious of the
beauty of the universe in the midst of pain, suffering and struggle. The other
saying assured me that
God was with me when I
was in deep water and that no troubles would overwhelm me.
5. The import of those
sayings also made me aware of the nether springs that flow into people’s lives when
they touch rock bottom or lonely or even deserted. The nether springs make
recovery possible, and they bring peace and patience in the midst of pain and
distress.
6. The forces of death
and destruction are not so much physical as they are psychic and psychological.
When malice, hate and hard-heartedness prevail, they get channeled as forces of
destruction. Where openness, peace and good-heartedness prevail, the forces of
life gush forth to regenerate hope and joy. The life force is triumphant when
love overcomes fear. Both fear and love are deep mysteries, but the effect of love
is to build whereas fear tends to destroy. Love is often the plus factor that
helps build character. It
helps us to accept and
to overcome suffering. It creates lasting bonds and its reach is infinite.
7. It is true that there
is no shortage of destructive elements - forces and people who seek to destroy others
and in the process, destroy themselves - but at the same time there are signs
of love and life everywhere that are constantly enabling us to overcome
setbacks. So let’s not look only at gloom and doom - let’s seek out positivity
and happiness. For it is when you seek that you will find what is waiting to be
discovered.
1. On the basis of your reading
of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings. Use
recognizable abbreviations, wherever necessary. Give the passage a suitable
title. 5
2. Write a summary of the notes
prepared in not more than 80 words (3 marks)
Q 5. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The
beauty of an open platform is that there are no gatekeepers. For centuries,
access to and creation of information was controlled by the few. The
internet has changed that and is rapidly becoming the platform for everyone,
by everyone.
Of
course, it still has a way to go. Today there are only about 2.3 billion
internet users, representing roughly 30% of the world's population. Much
of the information that they can access online is in English, but this is changing
rapidly.
The
technological progress of the internet has also set social change in
motion. As with other enabling inventions before it, from the telegraph to television,
some will worry about the effects of broader access to information
-- the printing press and the rise in literacy that it effected were, after
all, long seen as destabilising. Similar concerns about the internet are occasionally
raised, but if we take a long view, l'm confident that its benefits far
outweigh the discomforts of learning to integrate it into our lives. The internet
and the world wide web are what they are because literally millions of
people have made it so. It is a grand collaboration.
lt
would be foolish not to acknowledge that the openness of the internet
has had a price. Security is an increasingly important issue and cannot
be ignored. lf there is an area of vital research and development for the
internet, this is one of them. I am increasingly confident, however, that techniques
and practices exist to make the internet safer and more secure while
retaining its essentially open quality.
After
working on the internet and its predecessors for over four decades,
l'm more optimistic about its promise than l have ever been. We are all
free to innovate on the net every day. The internet is a tool of the people, built
by the people for the people and it must stay that way.
(a) On the basis of your
reading ot the above passage make notes on
it using recognizable abbreviations (minimum four) wherever necesary. Use
a format you consider appropriate. Supply a suitable title. (5 marks)
(b)
Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. (3 marks)
Q 6. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Toddlers with greying hair, an eight year old with high pressure and cholesterol,
a pre- adolescent who has the physique of a 20 year old - the signs
are ominous. Biological clocks in children are ticking rapidly and the rate
at which their organs are aging is faster than their chronological age.
The
country's medical fraternity may take pride in improving life expectancy,
but the spurt in lifestyle diseases, especially among children, has
resulted in premature aging. This means the increased life expectancy doesn't
necessarily translate into improved quality of life. Every organ in human
body has an age and when a child suffers from lifestyle diseases like
cholesterol
and diabetes, his or her organs take a beating. Thus, the functionality
of an eight - year- old child's organs is that of a 30 - year- old. Manifestations
of their problems are evident, with children as young as three
sporting glasses, early signs of facial hair in boys.
Doctors
in India say that they are treating more children with ailments
usually associated with adults. Diabetes and hypertension is leading
to stress on organs. Children's organs are aging , though they may be
young in terms of years. Genetic factors account for a meager 20% of premature
aging. The main reasons areenvironmental and dietary. Paediatric obesity,
which is reaching epidemic proportions, high stress levels, sedentary and
changing lifestyles and various chemicals used in food contribute to premature
aging. When diabetes sets in at an early stage, the child's blood vessels
start stiffening which happens only in older people. Technically, we are
starting at a scenario, where the child is aging much faster than his chronological
age.
(a) On the basis of your
reading of the passage, make notes on it using recognizable
abbreviations (minimum 4) wherever necessary. Use a format
that you consider appropriate. Also suggest a suitable title/ heading.
(5 marks)
(b) Write a summary of
the passage in about 80 words. (3 marks)
Q 7. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Excessive use of
plastic bags and their unregulated disposal has been choking
lakes, ponds and urban sewage systems, the Supreme Court said on Monday
while warning that it posed a threat more serious than the atom bomb
for the next generation.
This
observation from a bench of Justices G.S. Singhvi and S .J. Mukhopadhaya
came on a PIL filed by two Andhra Pradesh-based NGOs drawing
the court's attention to 30-60 kg of plastic bags recovered from the stomachs
of cows because of irresponsible disposal of plastic bags and defunct
municipal waste collection system.
The
court issued notice to the Center and state governments on the PIL
seeking ban on use of plastic bags in municipal areas which did not have
a prompt garbage collection, segregation and disposal system. The NGOs
said absence of a proper system allowed cows to rummage through garbage
bins and eat foodstuff disposed of in plastic bags, which get stuck in
their stomach. "Apart from the plastic choking the digestive system of the plastic
residues enter the human food chain through dairy and animal products,"
he added.
But
the bench wanted to address the larger questions arising from indiscriminate
use of plastic bags, which not only posed a grave threat to nature
and environment but also to the human race itself. It suggested that the
petitioner make the manufacturers and a television channel, which has been
running a campaign against use of plastic, parties to the PIL for a wider scrutiny
of the important issue.
We
want to expand the scope of this petition. Unless we examine a total
ban on plastic bags or put in place a system for manufactures mandating
them to collect back all plastic bags, the next generation will be threatened
with something more serious than the atom bomb." the bench said.
The court also drew the petitioner's attention to large quantities of water
packed in plastic pouches, which were thrown around in undisciplined
manner across the country every day, "A rough estimate shows
more than 100 million water pouches are thrown away," the bench said.
(a) On the basis of your
reading of the above passage make notes on it using
recognizable abbreviations (Minimum four) wherever necessary.
Use a format you consider appropriate. Supply a suitable title.
(5 marks)
(b) Write a summary of
the passage in about 80 words. (3 marks)
Q 8. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The
Trail of smoke in most cases inevitably leads to school. And college
days-those adolescent times when mere lighting up gave them the thrill
of indulging in the prohibited. And yes, they weren't mama's boy (or girls)
anymore; they were macho and grown up beyond listening to nannies. Or
so they thought, till they got addicted.
There
is a clear link between the youth and tobacco addiction. Statistics
reveal that many children are initiated into the habit of smoking at the
tender age of 10 years, according to Dr. Srinath Reddy, a researcheractivist. That's
why it make sense to stop them young, when they are vulnerable
to peer pressure. Smoking, which often starts as an experiment in
the company of friends often transforms into addiction.
According
to the Non-Smoker's Health Protection Act 1997 nobody is
allowed to store, sell or distribute cigarettes, beedies or any other tobacco product
within an area of 100 m around colleges, schools and other educational
institutions. The Indian Parliament passed another comprehensive
legislation, the Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act, a few
years ago banning the sale of tobacco products to minors. Has
that made any difference? "You have to go to north campus to see
if any law is followed.''
Many
students even argue that it is a matter of personal choice. "Once
in college, a student is old enough to take decisions. lt is clearly mentioned
on cigarette packs that 'smoking is injurious to health' and after that
if someone smokes, it is completely the individual's choice," says Manu Singh,
a student at JNU.
Sad
reality is that nothing has been able to stop students from smoking
in schools and colleges. lt's fashion.
The
law enforcement agencies takes refuge behind pleas like they have
large areas to cover with a small term. Their strength, they say, is not adequate
to enforce laws. "Sometimes people pay the fine (Rs 200), which is
hardly a big amount. ln universities and colleges, raids are not possible. With
just one person from the police, it becomes impossible to control them,"
said Dr. M.D. Thapa, Chief District Medical Officer, Northwest district.
Advocate
Ashok Agarwal does not buy the argument According to him,
there is a clear lack of interest on the part of the lawmakers. "The
police and
the administration have their own priorities hence, they have little time to
look into these sensitive issues. The situation in this case is that of accepted
and agreed violation where just nobody is bothered." he says. The
one answer the experts agree on is; the government. "There is no effort
to implement the laws," complains advocate Ashok Agarwal. When society
does not care, the government becomes duty-bound to make them care.
There is a direct link between the youth and tobacco addiction. They are
the key targets for the MNCs," says Bijon Mishra, a social activist involved
with the NGO, Voice. While society and its institution ignore those mischievous
puffs in school canteens, the biggest beneficiaries are the tobacco
companies.
(a) On the basis of your
reading of the above passage make notes on it using
recognizable abbreviations (minimum 4) wherever necessary. Use
a format you consider appropriate Supply a suitable Title. (5 Marks)
(b) Write a summary of
the passage in about 80 words. (3 Marks)
Q 9. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
There's
a part of India where the tiger may still have a fighting chance
; the Western- Ghats. The big cat roams free here and in good numbers,
from the southern tip right up to Maharashtra, Eight tiger reserves-in
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala have been rated 'good' to 'satisfactory'
by the Centre's 2009 preliminary status report on the tiger. Experts
say this is because of good governance, constant surveillance and monitoring,
pro-active local tribes a zealous scientific community, habitat quality
and contiguity and an excellent 'prey base', which means plentiful supplies
of deer.
ln
Mudumalal, for instance, tiger numbers are believed nearly to have
doubled in recent times. Field director Rajiv K Srivastava says antipoaching watchers
patrol the deep deciduous forests round-the-clock. "The wireless
network helps rush them to vulnerable areas when they receive information
about movement of suspected poachers," he adds. Each watcher,
mostly from a local tribe, covers 15-20 km daily.
The
tiger has also returned to Sathyamangalam sanctuary-erstwhile Veerappan
country-after two decades. Some say this is because the guns have
fallen silent, along with rising tiger numbers in adjoining Mudumalal and
Bandipur; which sends the animals looking for more area to roam. Scientists
working in the field spotted two tigresses with five cubs at two
different
locations last year. Forest officers estimate that there are atleast 10 tigers
in the division.
The
2008 status report on tigers by the National Tiger Conservation Authority
and Wildlife Institute of India estimates tiger numbers in the Western
Ghats of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala at 402, with a lower limit
of 336 and upper limit of 487. The Bandipur and Nagar-hole tiger reserves
are almost full "High quality research on tigers and their prey base has
resulted in a pool of scientific data which facilitates reliable monitoring"
says Ravi Chellam, country director, Wildlife Conservation Society
(WCS), India programme, WCS staff range across 22,00 sq km of forest
in Karnataka, tracking tigers to gather data from the field. Every quarter,
the WCS shares data with the Karnataka forest department. "Strict protection
of the forests by using science is the hallmark of tiger conservation
in Karnataka," says Chellam.
Recently,
WCS scientists led by Ullas Karanth used high-tech fecal sampling
to tally and assess numbers. Tiger scat is thought to provide a unique
DNA signature allowing researchers to accurately identify individual
animals.
Another
encouraging sign are tiger sightings in non-contiguous areas.
This indicates the presence of a "meta-population," i.e., tigers who move
from one reserve to another, thereby improving the gene pool. This gives
conservationists reason to hope that another not waiting to happen in the
south.
ln
the Eastern Ghats, the Nagarjunasagar-Srisilam Tiger Reserve in Andhra
Pradesh is back from the brink. The centre's report damned the reserve
as 'poor'. The naxalite presence threatened the tiger's core habitat for more
than a decade and foresters could not enter the area. But the tiger population
inched up to 53 in 2008 form just 34 in the nineties. "The Naxal presence
is still there. But the forest field staff have started going inside for habitat
improvement, a vast change from the time when no kind of administration
existed there," says AK Nayak, the field director.
But
there are reasons to worry as well. At a recent seminar in Chennai,
the chief wildlife wardens of the southern states admitted they did not
have enough trained staff to take on poachers. ln the rainforest habitats of
Kalakad-Periyar and Anaimalal-Parambikulam, low tiger density can be reversed
only if the prey base is protected. "The time has come for the foresters
to go back to old- fashioned conservation, that is physical protection
of forests, leaving development to other departments."
(a) On the basis of your
reading of the above passage, make notes on it using
recognizable abbreviations (minimum 4) wherever necessary. Use a format
you consider appropriate. Supply a suitable Title. (5 Marks)
(b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words.